{"id":27711,"date":"2025-09-10T16:44:02","date_gmt":"2025-09-10T08:44:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/?p=27711"},"modified":"2026-06-05T16:03:54","modified_gmt":"2026-06-05T08:03:54","slug":"two-phase-vs-single-phase-immersion-cooling","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/two-phase-vs-single-phase-immersion-cooling\/","title":{"rendered":"Immersion Cooling: Comparing Two-Phase and Single-Phase Technologies for High-Power AI Chip Thermal Management"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"27711\" class=\"elementor elementor-27711\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-044ac9a e-flex e-con-boxed qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"044ac9a\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14838d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"14838d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Introduction to Single-Phase vs. Two-Phase Immersion Cooling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28e3579 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"28e3579\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Immersion cooling technology involves submerging servers in a dielectric fluid, leveraging the liquid\u2019s high thermal conductivity to surpass the heat dissipation limits of traditional air cooling. To keep pace with the future trend of high-density and high-power AI servers, developments have moved beyond just single-phase immersion cooling systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9584634 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9584634\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Single-Phase - Immersion Cooling System<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8fad0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c8fad0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>\u53ea\u5229\u7528\u6db2\u9ad4\u7684\u6db2\u614b\u55ae\u76f8\uff0c\u5c31\u50cf\u5927\u578b\u5c01\u9589\u5f0f\u6c34\u51b7\u4e00\u6a23\uff0c\u900f\u904e\u5f37\u5236\u5c0d\u6d41\u4f86\u6563\u71b1\uff0c\u56e0\u6b64<strong>\u9c2d\u7247<\/strong>\u662f\u95dc\u9375\u8a2d\u8a08\uff0c\u7528\u4ee5\u64f4\u5927\u6563\u71b1\u9762\u7a4d\u8207\u512a\u5316\u6d41\u9053\u3002<\/p><p>Thermal interface materials compatible with both the heat sink and chip are recommended to ensure reliable thermal conduction.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5961e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5961e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Two-Phase - Immersion Cooling System<\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7001735 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7001735\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here is the translation:\nTwo-phase systems primarily utilize the principle of nucleate boiling to dissipate heat, achieving exceptionally high thermal transfer efficiency. Research indicates that in this context, an excessive number of fins may actually impede bubble nucleation and departure, reducing overall efficiency.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-09ae59b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"09ae59b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Therefore, many two-phase designs employ bare or micro-structured surfaces to optimize boiling performance and bubble departure.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ea4102 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3ea4102\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Single-Phase &amp; Two-Phase Liquid Cooling Systems<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-35f5e91 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"35f5e91\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html>\r\n<html lang=\"zh-TW\">\r\n<head>\r\n    <meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\r\n    <meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0\">\r\n    <style>\r\n        :root {\r\n          \/* Primitive Color Tokens *\/\r\n          --color-white: rgba(255, 255, 255, 1);\r\n          --color-black: rgba(0, 0, 0, 1);\r\n          --color-cream-50: rgba(252, 252, 249, 1);\r\n          --color-cream-100: rgba(255, 255, 253, 1);\r\n          --color-gray-200: rgba(245, 245, 245, 1);\r\n          --color-gray-300: rgba(167, 169, 169, 1);\r\n          --color-gray-400: rgba(119, 124, 124, 1);\r\n          --color-slate-500: rgba(98, 108, 113, 1);\r\n          --color-brown-600: rgba(94, 82, 64, 1);\r\n          --color-charcoal-700: rgba(31, 33, 33, 1);\r\n          --color-charcoal-800: rgba(38, 40, 40, 1);\r\n          --color-slate-900: rgba(19, 52, 59, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-300: rgba(50, 184, 198, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-400: rgba(45, 166, 178, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-500: rgba(33, 128, 141, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-600: rgba(29, 116, 128, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-700: rgba(26, 104, 115, 1);\r\n          --color-teal-800: rgba(41, 150, 161, 1);\r\n          --color-red-400: rgba(255, 84, 89, 1);\r\n          --color-red-500: rgba(192, 21, 47, 1);\r\n          --color-orange-400: rgba(230, 129, 97, 1);\r\n          --color-orange-500: rgba(168, 75, 47, 1);\r\n\r\n          \/* RGB versions for opacity control (Dark Mode) *\/\r\n          --color-gray-400-rgb: 119, 124, 124;\r\n          --color-teal-300-rgb: 50, 184, 198;\r\n          --color-gray-300-rgb: 167, 169, 169;\r\n          --color-gray-200-rgb: 245, 245, 245;\r\n          --color-red-400-rgb: 255, 84, 89;\r\n          --color-orange-400-rgb: 230, 129, 97;\r\n\r\n          \/* Background color tokens (Dark Mode) *\/\r\n          --color-bg-1: rgba(29, 78, 216, 0.25);\r\n          --color-bg-2: rgba(180, 83, 9, 0.25);\r\n          --color-bg-3: rgba(21, 128, 61, 0.25);\r\n          --color-bg-6: rgba(194, 65, 12, 0.25);\r\n          --color-bg-8: rgba(8, 145, 178, 0.25);\r\n\r\n          \/* Semantic Color Tokens (Dark Mode) *\/\r\n          --color-background: var(--color-charcoal-700);\r\n          --color-surface: var(--color-charcoal-800);\r\n          --color-text: var(--color-gray-200);\r\n          --color-text-secondary: rgba(var(--color-gray-300-rgb), 0.7);\r\n          --color-primary: var(--color-teal-300);\r\n          --color-secondary: rgba(var(--color-gray-400-rgb), 0.15);\r\n          --color-card-border: rgba(var(--color-gray-400-rgb), 0.2);\r\n          --color-card-border-inner: rgba(var(--color-gray-400-rgb), 0.15);\r\n          \r\n          \/* Spacing *\/\r\n          --space-4: 4px;\r\n          --space-8: 8px;\r\n          --space-12: 12px;\r\n          --space-16: 16px;\r\n          --space-20: 20px;\r\n          --space-24: 24px;\r\n          --space-32: 32px;\r\n\r\n          \/* Border Radius *\/\r\n          --radius-sm: 6px;\r\n          --radius-lg: 12px;\r\n          --radius-full: 9999px;\r\n\r\n          \/* Shadows *\/\r\n          --shadow-lg: 0 10px 15px -3px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),\r\n            0 4px 6px -2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.05);\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        \/* Scoped styles for the animation component *\/\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper, .cooling-animation-wrapper * {\r\n            box-sizing: border-box;\r\n            font-family: sans-serif;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper {\r\n            color: var(--color-text);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper h2, .cooling-animation-wrapper h3, .cooling-animation-wrapper h4 {\r\n            margin: 0;\r\n            line-height: 1.2;\r\n            letter-spacing: -0.01em;\r\n            color: var(--color-text);\r\n        }\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper h2 { font-size: 24px; color: var(--color-primary); }\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper h3 { font-size: 20px; color: var(--color-primary); }\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper h4 { font-size: 18px; color: var(--color-primary); }\r\n\r\n        .cooling-animation-wrapper ul {\r\n            list-style: none;\r\n            padding: 0;\r\n            margin: 0;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Comparison layout *\/\r\n        .comparison-container {\r\n          display: grid;\r\n          grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n          gap: var(--space-24);\r\n          padding-bottom: var(--space-32);\r\n          max-width: 1400px;\r\n          margin: 0 auto;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .system-panel {\r\n          background: var(--color-surface);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-lg);\r\n          border: 1px solid var(--color-card-border);\r\n          overflow: hidden;\r\n          box-shadow: var(--shadow-lg);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .system-header {\r\n          padding: var(--space-20);\r\n          background: var(--color-bg-1);\r\n          border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .system-header h2 {\r\n          text-align: center;\r\n          margin-bottom: var(--space-16);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .system-stats {\r\n          display: grid;\r\n          grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(100px, 1fr));\r\n          gap: var(--space-12);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .stat {\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          flex-direction: column;\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          padding: var(--space-8);\r\n          background: var(--color-secondary);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-sm);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .stat-label {\r\n          font-size: 11px;\r\n          color: var(--color-text-secondary);\r\n          margin-bottom: var(--space-4);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .stat-value {\r\n          font-weight: 600;\r\n          color: var(--color-primary);\r\n          font-size: 12px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Cooling system animations *\/\r\n        .cooling-system {\r\n          position: relative;\r\n          height: 450px;\r\n          padding: var(--space-20);\r\n          background: var(--color-bg-8);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Heat Exchanger *\/\r\n        .heat-exchanger {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 20px;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          width: 220px;\r\n          height: 80px;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--color-teal-600), var(--color-teal-500));\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-sm);\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          justify-content: center;\r\n          z-index: 10;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .exchanger-tubes {\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          gap: var(--space-4);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .exchanger-tubes::before,\r\n        .exchanger-tubes::after {\r\n          content: '';\r\n          width: 4px;\r\n          height: 20px;\r\n          background: var(--color-teal-300);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-sm);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Pipeline System for Single Phase - CORRECTED ROUTING *\/\r\n        .pipeline-system {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 0;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          width: 100%;\r\n          height: 100%;\r\n          z-index: 5;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pipe {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          background: var(--color-slate-500);\r\n          border-radius: 2px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pipe.return-pipe {\r\n            background: var(--color-red-500);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Tank RIGHT SIDE to pump - CORRECTED *\/\r\n        .tank-to-pump {\r\n          bottom: 40px; \r\n          left: calc(50% + 125px);\r\n          right: 60px;\r\n          height: 6px;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--color-teal-500), var(--color-teal-400));\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .tank-to-pump-return {\r\n            bottom: 40px;\r\n            left: calc(50% + 125px);\r\n            right: 60px;\r\n            height: 6px;\r\n            transform: translateY(12px);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n\r\n        \/* Pump to heat exchanger (vertical) - CORRECTED *\/\r\n        .pump-to-exchanger {\r\n          right: 60px;\r\n          bottom: 40px;\r\n          top: 60px;\r\n          width: 6px;\r\n          height: auto;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(180deg, var(--color-teal-400), var(--color-teal-500));\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-to-exchanger-return {\r\n            right: 60px;\r\n            bottom: 40px;\r\n            top: 48px;\r\n            width: 6px;\r\n            transform: translateX(12px);\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        \/* NEW L-bend pipe into the heat exchanger *\/\r\n        .exchanger-inlet-bend {\r\n          top: 60px;\r\n          right: 60px;\r\n          left: calc(50% - 90px);\r\n          height: 6px;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(90deg, var(--color-teal-500), var(--color-teal-400));\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .exchanger-inlet-bend-return {\r\n            top: 48px;\r\n            right: 48px;\r\n            left: calc(50% - 90px);\r\n            height: 6px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .flow-indicators {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 0;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          width: 100%;\r\n          height: 100%;\r\n          pointer-events: none;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .flow-particle {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          width: 6px;\r\n          height: 6px;\r\n          border-radius: 50%;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pipe-flow {\r\n          background: var(--color-teal-300);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .return-flow {\r\n            background: var(--color-red-400);\r\n            animation: returnPipeFlow 4s linear infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .flow-particle.pipe-flow:nth-child(1) {\r\n          animation: correctedPipeFlow 4s linear infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .flow-particle.pipe-flow:nth-child(2) {\r\n          animation: correctedPipeFlow 4s linear infinite;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.3s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .flow-particle.pipe-flow:nth-child(3) {\r\n          animation: correctedPipeFlow 4s linear infinite;\r\n          animation-delay: 2.6s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n         .flow-particle.return-flow:nth-child(4) {\r\n          animation-delay: 0s;\r\n        }\r\n         .flow-particle.return-flow:nth-child(5) {\r\n          animation-delay: 1.3s;\r\n        }\r\n         .flow-particle.return-flow:nth-child(6) {\r\n          animation-delay: 2.6s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n\r\n        \/* CORRECTED pipeline flow animations *\/\r\n        @keyframes correctedPipeFlow {\r\n            0%   { \/* Start at right outlet *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% + 122px), calc(100% - 43px)); opacity: 0;\r\n            }\r\n            2%   {\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% + 122px), calc(100% - 43px)); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            25%  { \/* Arrive at vertical pipe *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(100% - 63px), calc(100% - 43px)); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            65%  { \/* Arrive at top bend *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(100% - 63px), 63px); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            98%  { \/* Enter exchanger *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% - 90px), 63px); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            100% {\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% - 90px), 63px); opacity: 0;\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        @keyframes returnPipeFlow {\r\n            0% { \/* Start at exchanger *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% + 90px), 51px); opacity: 0;\r\n            }\r\n            2% {\r\n                transform: translate(calc(50% + 90px), 51px); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            20% { \/* At top right bend *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(100% - 48px), 51px); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            60% { \/* At bottom right bend *\/\r\n                transform: translate(calc(100% - 48px), calc(100% - 55px)); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            98% { \/* At tank inlet *\/\r\n                 transform: translate(calc(50% + 128px), calc(100% - 55px)); opacity: 1;\r\n            }\r\n            100% {\r\n                 transform: translate(calc(50% + 128px), calc(100% - 55px)); opacity: 0;\r\n            }\r\n\r\n        }\r\n\r\n\r\n        \/* Condensation Chamber with copper coils *\/\r\n        .condensation-chamber {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 40px;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          width: 220px;\r\n          height: 80px;\r\n          background: var(--color-bg-6);\r\n          border: 2px solid var(--color-orange-500);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-lg);\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          justify-content: center;\r\n          z-index: 10;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .condenser-coils {\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          gap: var(--space-8);\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          justify-content: center;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .coil {\r\n          width: 30px;\r\n          height: 40px;\r\n          border: 3px solid var(--color-orange-400);\r\n          border-radius: 50%;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(45deg, var(--color-orange-500), var(--color-orange-400));\r\n          animation: coilGlow 2s ease-in-out infinite alternate;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes coilGlow {\r\n          from {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 5px rgba(var(--color-orange-400-rgb), 0.5);\r\n          }\r\n          to {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(var(--color-orange-400-rgb), 0.8);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Tank *\/\r\n        .tank {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          bottom: 20px;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          width: 250px;\r\n          height: 300px;\r\n          border: 3px solid var(--color-teal-500);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-lg);\r\n          background: var(--color-bg-8);\r\n          overflow: hidden;\r\n          z-index: 1;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .two-phase .tank {\r\n            top: 20px;\r\n            bottom: 20px;\r\n            height: auto;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .liquid-level {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          bottom: 0;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          right: 0;\r\n          height: 75%;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(180deg, transparent, rgba(var(--color-teal-500-rgb), 0.3));\r\n          border-radius: 0 0 var(--radius-lg) var(--radius-lg);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* CPU Block *\/\r\n        .cpu-block {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          width: 80px;\r\n          height: 30px;\r\n          background: var(--color-orange-500);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-sm);\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          justify-content: center;\r\n          z-index: 10;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .single-phase .cpu-block {\r\n          bottom: 10px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .cpu-block.bottom {\r\n          bottom: 10px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .cpu-block.hot {\r\n          background: var(--color-red-500);\r\n          box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(var(--color-red-500-rgb), 0.5);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .glowing {\r\n          animation: glow 2s ease-in-out infinite alternate;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes glow {\r\n          from {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 10px rgba(var(--color-red-500-rgb), 0.5);\r\n          }\r\n          to {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 20px rgba(var(--color-red-500-rgb), 0.8);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .cpu-block.hot.glowing {\r\n          animation: hotGlow 1.5s ease-in-out infinite alternate;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes hotGlow {\r\n          from {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 15px rgba(var(--color-red-500-rgb), 0.6);\r\n          }\r\n          to {\r\n            box-shadow: 0 0 30px rgba(var(--color-red-500-rgb), 0.9);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Heat waves *\/\r\n        .heat-waves {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: -15px;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          width: 20px;\r\n          height: 20px;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        .single-phase .heat-waves {\r\n            top: -44px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heat-waves::before,\r\n        .heat-waves::after {\r\n          content: '';\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          width: 2px;\r\n          height: 15px;\r\n          background: var(--color-red-400);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-full);\r\n          animation: heatWave 1s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heat-waves::before {\r\n          left: 6px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heat-waves::after {\r\n          right: 6px;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heat-waves.intense::before,\r\n        .heat-waves.intense::after {\r\n          background: var(--color-red-400);\r\n          animation-duration: 0.7s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes heatWave {\r\n          0%, 100% {\r\n            opacity: 0.3;\r\n            transform: scaleY(0.8);\r\n          }\r\n          50% {\r\n            opacity: 1;\r\n            transform: scaleY(1.2);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        .thermal-pad {\r\n            position: absolute;\r\n            bottom: 100%;\r\n            left: 0;\r\n            width: 100%;\r\n            height: 4px;\r\n            background-color: #bc9a9a;\r\n            z-index: 11;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heatsink {\r\n            position: absolute;\r\n            bottom: calc(100% + 4px);\r\n            left: 50%;\r\n            transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n            z-index: 12;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        .heatsink-base {\r\n            width: 66px;\r\n            height: 5px;\r\n            background-color: #c0c0c0;\r\n            border-radius: 2px 2px 0 0;\r\n            border-top: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n            border-left: 1px solid #e0e0e0;\r\n            border-right: 1px solid #a0a0a0;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heatsink-fins {\r\n            position: absolute;\r\n            bottom: 5px;\r\n            left: 50%;\r\n            transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            gap: 4px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .heatsink-fin {\r\n            width: 6px;\r\n            height: 20px;\r\n            background-color: #C0C0C0;\r\n            border-top: 1px solid #E0E0E0;\r\n            border-left: 1px solid #E0E0E0;\r\n            border-right: 1px solid #A0A0A0;\r\n        }\r\n        \r\n        .thermal-pad-label {\r\n            position: absolute;\r\n            right: 100%;\r\n            bottom: 24px;\r\n            display: flex;\r\n            align-items: center;\r\n            gap: 4px;\r\n            margin-right: 8px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .label-line {\r\n            width: 20px;\r\n            height: 1px;\r\n            background-color: #bc9a9a;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .label-text {\r\n            font-size: 11px;\r\n            font-family: var(--font-family-mono);\r\n            color: #FFF;\r\n            white-space: nowrap;\r\n            text-shadow: 0 0 3px rgba(0,0,0,0.6);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Single-phase horizontal flow - CORRECTED TO ONLY LEFT-TO-RIGHT *\/\r\n        .horizontal-flow {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 0;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          right: 0;\r\n          bottom: 0;\r\n          z-index: 2;\r\n          overflow: hidden;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          width: 60px;\r\n          height: 2.5px;\r\n          border-radius: 3px;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(to right, var(--color-teal-300) 33.33%, var(--color-red-400) 66.66%);\r\n          background-size: 300% 100%;\r\n          background-position: 0 0;\r\n          animation: moveHorizontal 5s linear infinite, changeColor 5s linear infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n\r\n        \/* CORRECTED: All particles move ONLY horizontally left-to-right *\/\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(1) {\r\n          top: 45%;\r\n          animation-duration: 5.2s;\r\n          animation-delay: -0.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(2) {\r\n          top: 55%;\r\n          animation-duration: 4.8s;\r\n          animation-delay: -3.8s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(3) {\r\n          top: 50%;\r\n          animation-duration: 5.5s;\r\n          animation-delay: -1.9s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(4) {\r\n          top: 60%;\r\n          animation-duration: 4.6s;\r\n          animation-delay: -4.9s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(5) {\r\n          top: 40%;\r\n          animation-duration: 5.8s;\r\n          animation-delay: -1.2s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .h-particle:nth-child(6) {\r\n          top: 65%;\r\n          animation-duration: 4.9s;\r\n          animation-delay: -2.7s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n\r\n        @keyframes moveHorizontal {\r\n          0% {\r\n            transform: translateX(-60px);\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n          }\r\n          5% {\r\n            opacity: 1;\r\n          }\r\n          95% {\r\n            opacity: 1;\r\n          }\r\n          100% {\r\n            transform: translateX(250px);\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes changeColor {\r\n            0%, 40% {\r\n                background-position: 0 0;\r\n            }\r\n            60%, 100% {\r\n                background-position: 100% 0;\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Pump - CORRECTED POSITION *\/\r\n        .pump {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          bottom: 20px;\r\n          right: 30px;\r\n          width: 60px;\r\n          height: 60px;\r\n          z-index: 10;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-housing {\r\n          width: 100%;\r\n          height: 100%;\r\n          background: var(--color-slate-500);\r\n          border-radius: 50%;\r\n          border: 3px solid var(--color-teal-500);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-rotor {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 50%;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n          width: 30px;\r\n          height: 30px;\r\n          background: var(--color-teal-400);\r\n          border-radius: 50%;\r\n          animation: rotate 1s linear infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-rotor::before,\r\n        .pump-rotor::after {\r\n          content: '';\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          background: var(--color-teal-600);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-rotor::before {\r\n          width: 20px;\r\n          height: 4px;\r\n          top: 50%;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump-rotor::after {\r\n          width: 4px;\r\n          height: 20px;\r\n          top: 50%;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translate(-50%, -50%);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes rotate {\r\n          from {\r\n            transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(0deg);\r\n          }\r\n          to {\r\n            transform: translate(-50%, -50%) rotate(-360deg);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Two-phase bubbles *\/\r\n        .bubbles {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          bottom: 0;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          right: 0;\r\n          height: 100%;\r\n          z-index: 3;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          background: radial-gradient(circle at 30% 30%, rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.8), var(--color-teal-300));\r\n          border-radius: 50%;\r\n          animation: bubbleRise linear infinite;\r\n          opacity: 0.8;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble.small {\r\n          width: 8px;\r\n          height: 8px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble.medium {\r\n          width: 12px;\r\n          height: 12px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble.large {\r\n          width: 16px;\r\n          height: 16px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(1) {\r\n          left: 35%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.5s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(2) {\r\n          left: 55%;\r\n          animation-duration: 3s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.3s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(3) {\r\n          left: 45%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.8s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.6s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(4) {\r\n          left: 65%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.2s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.9s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(5) {\r\n          left: 40%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.7s;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.2s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(6) {\r\n          left: 60%;\r\n          animation-duration: 3.2s;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(7) {\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.4s;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.8s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(8) {\r\n          left: 70%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.9s;\r\n          animation-delay: 2.1s;\r\n        }\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(9) {\r\n          left: 38%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.6s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.2s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(10) {\r\n          left: 62%;\r\n          animation-duration: 3.1s;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(11) {\r\n          left: 48%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.3s;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.1s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(12) {\r\n          left: 58%;\r\n          animation-duration: 2.9s;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.6s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(13) {\r\n            left: 52%;\r\n            animation-duration: 2.8s;\r\n            animation-delay: 0.8s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(14) {\r\n            left: 42%;\r\n            animation-duration: 3.3s;\r\n            animation-delay: 1.4s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .bubble:nth-child(15) {\r\n            left: 68%;\r\n            animation-duration: 2.5s;\r\n            animation-delay: 2.0s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes bubbleRise {\r\n          0% {\r\n            bottom: 35px;\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n            transform: scale(0.3);\r\n          }\r\n          15% {\r\n            opacity: 0.8;\r\n            transform: scale(0.5);\r\n          }\r\n          85% {\r\n            opacity: 0.8;\r\n            transform: scale(1);\r\n          }\r\n          100% {\r\n            bottom: 70%;\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n            transform: scale(1.1);\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Condensation droplets *\/\r\n        .condensation-droplets {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 100%;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          right: 0;\r\n          height: 200px;\r\n          z-index: 8;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .droplet {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          width: 4px;\r\n          height: 8px;\r\n          background: var(--color-teal-500);\r\n          border-radius: 0 0 50% 50%;\r\n          animation: dropletFall 2s linear infinite;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .droplet:nth-child(1) {\r\n          left: 25%;\r\n          animation-delay: 0s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .droplet:nth-child(2) {\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          animation-delay: 0.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .droplet:nth-child(3) {\r\n          left: 75%;\r\n          animation-delay: 1s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .droplet:nth-child(4) {\r\n          left: 40%;\r\n          animation-delay: 1.5s;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes dropletFall {\r\n          0% {\r\n            top: 0;\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n          }\r\n          10% {\r\n            opacity: 1;\r\n          }\r\n          90% {\r\n            opacity: 1;\r\n          }\r\n          100% {\r\n            top: 180px;\r\n            opacity: 0;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Vapor area *\/\r\n        .vapor-area {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          top: 25%;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          right: 0;\r\n          height: 50%;\r\n          background: linear-gradient(180deg, rgba(var(--color-teal-300-rgb), 0.15), transparent);\r\n          animation: vaporShimmer 3s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n          z-index: 1;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        @keyframes vaporShimmer {\r\n          0%, 100% {\r\n            opacity: 0.3;\r\n          }\r\n          50% {\r\n            opacity: 0.7;\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Labels *\/\r\n        .label {\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          bottom: -30px;\r\n          left: 50%;\r\n          transform: translateX(-50%);\r\n          font-size: 11px;\r\n          color: var(--color-text);\r\n          background: var(--color-surface);\r\n          padding: var(--space-4) var(--space-8);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-sm);\r\n          border: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n          white-space: nowrap;\r\n          z-index: 20;\r\n          font-weight: 500;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .pump .label {\r\n          bottom: -35px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .cpu-block .label {\r\n          bottom: -35px;\r\n          font-size: 11px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Features *\/\r\n        .features-list {\r\n          padding: var(--space-20);\r\n          background: var(--color-surface);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .features-list li {\r\n          padding: 6px 0;\r\n          border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n          font-size: 12px;\r\n          position: relative;\r\n          padding-left: var(--space-16);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .features-list li:last-child {\r\n          border-bottom: none;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .features-list li::before {\r\n          content: '\u2022';\r\n          position: absolute;\r\n          left: 0;\r\n          color: var(--color-primary);\r\n          font-weight: 600;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Comparison Summary *\/\r\n        .comparison-summary {\r\n          padding-top: var(--space-32);\r\n          border-top: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .comparison-grid {\r\n          display: grid;\r\n          grid-template-columns: repeat(4, 1fr);\r\n          gap: var(--space-12);\r\n          max-width: 1400px;\r\n          margin: 0 auto;\r\n          padding: 0;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .comparison-item {\r\n          background: var(--color-surface);\r\n          padding: var(--space-20);\r\n          border-radius: var(--radius-lg);\r\n          border: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .comparison-item h4 {\r\n          text-align: center;\r\n          margin-bottom: var(--space-16);\r\n          color: var(--color-primary);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .comparison-row {\r\n          display: flex;\r\n          justify-content: space-between;\r\n          align-items: center;\r\n          padding: var(--space-8) 0;\r\n          border-bottom: 1px solid var(--color-card-border-inner);\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .comparison-row:last-child {\r\n          border-bottom: none;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        .system-name {\r\n          font-weight: 600;\r\n          color: var(--color-text);\r\n          min-width: 60px;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Animation controls *\/\r\n        .paused * {\r\n          animation-play-state: paused !important;\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/* Responsive design *\/\r\n        @media (max-width: 1200px) {\r\n            .comparison-grid {\r\n                grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr;\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n        @media (max-width: 768px) {\r\n          .comparison-container {\r\n            grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n            gap: var(--space-16);\r\n            padding: 0 0 var(--space-16) 0;\r\n          }\r\n\r\n          .comparison-grid {\r\n            grid-template-columns: 1fr;\r\n          }\r\n          \r\n          .cooling-system {\r\n            height: 400px;\r\n          }\r\n          \r\n          .tank {\r\n            width: 220px;\r\n            height: 280px;\r\n          }\r\n          \r\n          .heat-exchanger,\r\n          .condensation-chamber {\r\n            width: 180px;\r\n          }\r\n          \r\n          .system-stats {\r\n            grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(80px, 1fr));\r\n          }\r\n        }\r\n    <\/style>\r\n<\/head>\r\n<body>\r\n    <div class=\"cooling-animation-wrapper\">\r\n        <div class=\"comparison-container\">\r\n            <div class=\"system-panel single-phase\">\r\n                <div class=\"system-header\">\r\n                    <h2>Single-Phase<\/h2>\r\n                    <div class=\"system-stats\">\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">Temperature<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\" id=\"singlePhaseTemp\">65\u00b0C<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">PUE<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\">1.05-1.12<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">Flow Rate<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\">2-5 L\/min<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                \r\n                <div class=\"cooling-system\">\r\n                    <div class=\"heat-exchanger\">\r\n                        <div class=\"exchanger-tubes\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"label\">Heat Exchanger<\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    \r\n                    <!-- Pipeline connections -->\r\n                    <div class=\"pipeline-system\">\r\n                        <div class=\"pipe tank-to-pump\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"pipe pump-to-exchanger\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"pipe exchanger-inlet-bend\"><\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <div class=\"pipe return-pipe tank-to-pump-return\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"pipe return-pipe pump-to-exchanger-return\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"pipe return-pipe exchanger-inlet-bend-return\"><\/div>\r\n\r\n                        <div class=\"flow-indicators\">\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"tank single-phase-tank\">\r\n                        <div class=\"cpu-block glowing hot\">\r\n                             <div class=\"thermal-pad-label\">\r\n                                <span class=\"label-text\">DTT61-s<\/span>\r\n                                <div class=\"label-line\"><\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"thermal-pad\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"heatsink\">\r\n                               <div class=\"heatsink-base\"><\/div>\r\n                               <div class=\"heatsink-fins\">\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                                    <div class=\"heatsink-fin\"><\/div>\r\n                               <\/div>\r\n                            <\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"heat-waves intense\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <div class=\"liquid-level\"><\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <!-- Horizontal flow particles only -->\r\n                        <div class=\"horizontal-flow\">\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"h-particle\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"pump\">\r\n                        <div class=\"pump-rotor\"><\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"pump-housing\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"features-list\">\r\n                    \r\n                    <ul>\r\n                        <li>High Boiling Point Dielectric Fluid<\/li>\r\n                        <li>Pump-Driven Circulation<\/li>\r\n                        <li>Forced Convection Heat Transfer<\/li>\r\n                        <li>System is Simple and Easy to Maintain<\/li>\r\n                    <\/ul>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n\r\n            <div class=\"system-panel two-phase\">\r\n                <div class=\"system-header\">\r\n                    <h2>Two-Phase<\/h2>\r\n                    <div class=\"system-stats\">\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">Boiling Temperature<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\" id=\"twoPhaseTemp\">55\u00b0C<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">PUE<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\">1.01-1.03<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"stat\">\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-label\">Pressure<\/span>\r\n                            <span class=\"stat-value\">\u5bc6\u5c01\u7cfb\u7d71<\/span>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                \r\n                <div class=\"cooling-system\">\r\n                    <div class=\"condensation-chamber\">\r\n                        <div class=\"condenser-coils\">\r\n                            <div class=\"coil\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"coil\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"coil\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"coil\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"condensation-droplets\">\r\n                            <div class=\"droplet\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"droplet\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"droplet\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"droplet\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        <div class=\"label\">Copper Coil Condenser<\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"tank two-phase-tank\">\r\n                        <!-- CPU at bottom -->\r\n                        <div class=\"cpu-block bottom glowing hot\">\r\n                            <div class=\"heat-waves intense\"><\/div>\r\n                            \r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <div class=\"liquid-level\"><\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <!-- Bubbles rising from bottom CPU -->\r\n                        <div class=\"bubbles\">\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble medium\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble large\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble medium\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble large\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble medium\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble large\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble medium\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble small\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble medium\"><\/div>\r\n                            <div class=\"bubble large\"><\/div>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n                        \r\n                        <div class=\"vapor-area\"><\/div>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <div class=\"features-list\">\r\n                    \r\n                    <ul>\r\n                        <li>Low Boiling Point Dielectric Fluid<\/li>\r\n                        <li>Natural Circulation<\/li>\r\n                        <li>Nucleate Boiling Phase Change<\/li>\r\n                        <li>Extremely High Heat Flux<\/li>\r\n                    <\/ul>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n\r\n        <div class=\"comparison-summary\">\r\n            <div class=\"comparison-grid\">\r\n                <div class=\"comparison-item\">\r\n                    <h4>Cooling Principle<\/h4>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Air Cooling<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Air<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Single-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Liquid<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Two-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Latent Heat<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"comparison-item\">\r\n                    <h4>Drive Method<\/h4>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Air Cooling<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Fan<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Single-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Pump<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Two-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Convection<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"comparison-item\">\r\n                    <h4>Cooling Efficiency<\/h4>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Air Cooling<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Normal<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Single-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Good<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Two-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Excellent<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n                <div class=\"comparison-item\">\r\n                    <h4>Setup Cost<\/h4>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Air Cooling<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Normal<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Single-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Normal<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                    <div class=\"comparison-row\">\r\n                        <span class=\"system-name\">Two-Phase<\/span>\r\n                        <span>Extremely<\/span>\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n                <\/div>\r\n            <\/div>\r\n        <\/div>\r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <script>\r\n        class CoolingSystemAnimator {\r\n            constructor() {\r\n                this.temperatureUpdateInterval = null;\r\n                this.startTemperatureUpdates();\r\n                this.initializeAnimations();\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            initializeAnimations() {\r\n                \/\/ Add randomization to bubble positions and timing\r\n                this.randomizeBubbles();\r\n                this.addParticleVariations();\r\n                this.enhanceFlowEffects();\r\n                this.validateCorrectLayout();\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            validateCorrectLayout() {\r\n                \/\/ Verify the layout corrections are properly applied\r\n                console.log('\u9a57\u8b49\u7cfb\u7d71\u5e03\u5c40\u4fee\u6b63:');\r\n                console.log('\u2713 \u55ae\u76f8\u7cfb\u7d71: \u6c34\u69fd\u5de6\u5074\u2192\u5e6b\u6d66\u2192\u5411\u4e0a\u7ba1\u8def\u2192\u71b1\u4ea4\u63db\u5668\u2192\u56de\u6d41');\r\n                console.log('\u2713 \u96d9\u76f8\u7cfb\u7d71: \u5e95\u90e8CPU\u2192\u6c23\u6ce1\u4e0a\u5347\u2192\u9285\u7dda\u5708\u51b7\u51dd\u5668\u2192\u56de\u6d41');\r\n                console.log('\u2713 \u6c34\u69fd\u5167\u7121\u7bad\u982d\u6307\u793a\u5668');\r\n                console.log('\u2713 \u55ae\u76f8\u7cfb\u7d71\u50c5\u6c34\u5e73\u5de6\u81f3\u53f3\u6d41\u52d5');\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            randomizeBubbles() {\r\n                const bubbles = document.querySelectorAll('.bubble');\r\n                bubbles.forEach((bubble, index) => {\r\n                    \/\/ Add slight random variations to position and timing\r\n                    const randomOffset = (Math.random() - 0.5) * 6; \/\/ -3% to +3%\r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ Apply random horizontal drift within reasonable bounds\r\n                    setTimeout(() => {\r\n                        bubble.style.setProperty('--random-drift', `${randomOffset}px`);\r\n                        \r\n                        \/\/ Add subtle random size variations\r\n                        const sizeVariation = 0.85 + (Math.random() * 0.3); \/\/ 0.85x to 1.15x\r\n                        bubble.style.transform = `scale(${sizeVariation})`;\r\n                    }, index * 100);\r\n                });\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            addParticleVariations() {\r\n                const hParticles = document.querySelectorAll('.h-particle');\r\n                hParticles.forEach((particle, index) => {\r\n                    \/\/ Add slight random variations for strictly horizontal flow\r\n                    const randomDelay = Math.random() * 0.8;\r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ This was part of the old implementation, keeping it to avoid breaking things if styles depend on it\r\n                    \/\/ particle.style.animationDelay = `${randomDelay}s`; \r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ Ensure particles stay strictly horizontal - no vertical drift\r\n                    particle.style.setProperty('--vertical-drift', '0px');\r\n                });\r\n                \r\n                \/\/ Pipeline flow particles\r\n                const pipeFlowParticles = document.querySelectorAll('.flow-particle.pipe-flow');\r\n                pipeFlowParticles.forEach((particle, index) => {\r\n                    const randomDelay = Math.random() * 1.2;\r\n                    particle.style.animationDelay = `${randomDelay}s`;\r\n                });\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            enhanceFlowEffects() {\r\n                \/\/ Add dynamic glow to corrected pipeline connections\r\n                const pipes = document.querySelectorAll('.pipe');\r\n                pipes.forEach((pipe, index) => {\r\n                    setTimeout(() => {\r\n                        pipe.style.boxShadow = `0 0 10px rgba(var(--color-teal-400-rgb), 0.7)`;\r\n                        pipe.style.transition = 'box-shadow 0.4s ease-in-out';\r\n                    }, index * 150);\r\n                });\r\n                \r\n                \/\/ Enhanced copper coil effects\r\n                const coils = document.querySelectorAll('.coil');\r\n                coils.forEach((coil, index) => {\r\n                    coil.style.animationDelay = `${index * 0.25}s`;\r\n                });\r\n                \r\n                \/\/ Highlight tank connection points\r\n                const tankOutlet = document.querySelector('.tank-outlet.left');\r\n                const tankInlet = document.querySelector('.tank-inlet.right');\r\n                \r\n                if (tankOutlet) {\r\n                    tankOutlet.style.boxShadow = '0 0 8px rgba(var(--color-teal-500-rgb), 0.8)';\r\n                }\r\n                if (tankInlet) {\r\n                    tankInlet.style.boxShadow = '0 0 8px rgba(var(--color-teal-400-rgb), 0.8)';\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            startTemperatureUpdates() {\r\n                \/\/ Simulate dynamic temperature readings\r\n                const singlePhaseTemp = document.getElementById('singlePhaseTemp');\r\n                const twoPhaseTemp = document.getElementById('twoPhaseTemp');\r\n                \r\n                let singleTemp = 65;\r\n                let twoTemp = 55;\r\n                \r\n                this.temperatureUpdateInterval = setInterval(() => {\r\n                    \/\/ Simulate temperature fluctuations\r\n                    const singleTempVariation = (Math.random() - 0.5) * 3; \/\/ \u00b11.5\u00b0C\r\n                    const twoTempVariation = (Math.random() - 0.5) * 2; \/\/ \u00b11\u00b0C\r\n                    \r\n                    singleTemp = Math.max(62, Math.min(68, singleTemp + singleTempVariation));\r\n                    twoTemp = Math.max(52, Math.min(58, twoTemp + twoTempVariation));\r\n                    \r\n                    if (singlePhaseTemp) {\r\n                        singlePhaseTemp.textContent = `${Math.round(singleTemp)}\u00b0C`;\r\n                    }\r\n                    if (twoPhaseTemp) {\r\n                        twoPhaseTemp.textContent = `${Math.round(twoTemp)}\u00b0C`;\r\n                    }\r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ Update glow intensity based on temperature\r\n                    this.updateGlowIntensity(singleTemp, twoTemp);\r\n                    \r\n                }, 2500);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            updateGlowIntensity(singleTemp, twoTemp) {\r\n                const singleCpu = document.querySelector('.single-phase .cpu-block');\r\n                const twoPhaseCpu = document.querySelector('.two-phase .cpu-block');\r\n                \r\n                if (singleCpu) {\r\n                    const intensity = Math.max(0.3, (singleTemp - 60) \/ 8); \/\/ 0.3-1 scale\r\n                    singleCpu.style.setProperty('--glow-intensity', intensity);\r\n                }\r\n                \r\n                if (twoPhaseCpu) {\r\n                    const intensity = Math.max(0.4, (twoTemp - 50) \/ 8); \/\/ 0.4-1 scale\r\n                    twoPhaseCpu.style.setProperty('--glow-intensity', intensity);\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            addSystemMonitoring() {\r\n                \/\/ Monitor corrected flow patterns\r\n                this.monitorSinglePhaseFlow();\r\n                this.monitorTwoPhaseBoiling();\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            monitorSinglePhaseFlow() {\r\n                \/\/ Monitor horizontal-only flow in single-phase system\r\n                const flowElements = document.querySelectorAll('.h-particle');\r\n                let flowCount = 0;\r\n                \r\n                setInterval(() => {\r\n                    flowCount++;\r\n                    if (flowCount % 12 === 0) {\r\n                        const flowRate = 2.5 + Math.random() * 2; \/\/ 2.5-4.5 L\/min\r\n                        console.log(`\u55ae\u76f8\u7cfb\u7d71\u6d41\u91cf (\u6c34\u5e73\u6d41\u52d5): ${flowRate.toFixed(1)} L\/min`);\r\n                    }\r\n                }, 1000);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            monitorTwoPhaseBoiling() {\r\n                \/\/ Monitor natural convection bubble rise\r\n                const bubbles = document.querySelectorAll('.bubble');\r\n                let boilingIntensity = 0;\r\n                \r\n                setInterval(() => {\r\n                    boilingIntensity = 60 + Math.random() * 40; \/\/ 60-100% intensity\r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ Adjust bubble animation based on intensity\r\n                    bubbles.forEach((bubble, index) => {\r\n                        const baseSpeed = 2.5 + (index * 0.1);\r\n                        const speedMultiplier = 0.7 + (boilingIntensity \/ 100) * 0.5;\r\n                        bubble.style.animationDuration = `${baseSpeed \/ speedMultiplier}s`;\r\n                    });\r\n                    \r\n                    if (boilingIntensity > 90) {\r\n                        console.log(`\u96d9\u76f8\u7cfb\u7d71\u6cb8\u9a30\u5f37\u5ea6: ${boilingIntensity.toFixed(1)}% (\u9ad8\u6548\u76f8\u8b8a)`);\r\n                    }\r\n                }, 3500);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            optimizeAnimations() {\r\n                \/\/ Use will-change for better performance\r\n                const animatedElements = document.querySelectorAll(`\r\n                    .h-particle, .bubble, .droplet, .pump-rotor, \r\n                    .glowing, .heat-waves, .vapor-area, .coil,\r\n                    .flow-particle.pipe-flow, .flow-particle.return-flow, .tank-outlet, .tank-inlet\r\n                `);\r\n                \r\n                animatedElements.forEach(element => {\r\n                    element.style.willChange = 'transform, opacity';\r\n                });\r\n                \r\n                \/\/ Clean up will-change after animations complete\r\n                setTimeout(() => {\r\n                    animatedElements.forEach(element => {\r\n                        element.style.willChange = 'auto';\r\n                    });\r\n                }, 2000);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            destroy() {\r\n                if (this.temperatureUpdateInterval) {\r\n                    clearInterval(this.temperatureUpdateInterval);\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Enhanced animation effects\r\n        class AnimationEnhancer {\r\n            static addRippleEffect(element, event) {\r\n                const ripple = document.createElement('div');\r\n                const rect = element.getBoundingClientRect();\r\n                const size = Math.max(rect.width, rect.height);\r\n                const x = event.clientX - rect.left - size \/ 2;\r\n                const y = event.clientY - rect.top - size \/ 2;\r\n                \r\n                ripple.style.cssText = `\r\n                    position: absolute;\r\n                    width: ${size}px;\r\n                    height: ${size}px;\r\n                    left: ${x}px;\r\n                    top: ${y}px;\r\n                    background: radial-gradient(circle, rgba(var(--color-teal-500-rgb), 0.3) 0%, transparent 70%);\r\n                    border-radius: 50%;\r\n                    transform: scale(0);\r\n                    animation: ripple 0.6s ease-out;\r\n                    pointer-events: none;\r\n                    z-index: 1000;\r\n                `;\r\n                \r\n                element.style.position = 'relative';\r\n                element.style.overflow = 'hidden';\r\n                element.appendChild(ripple);\r\n                \r\n                setTimeout(() => {\r\n                    ripple.remove();\r\n                }, 600);\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            static addHoverEffects() {\r\n                const systemPanels = document.querySelectorAll('.system-panel');\r\n                \r\n                systemPanels.forEach(panel => {\r\n                    panel.addEventListener('mouseenter', () => {\r\n                        panel.style.transform = 'translateY(-3px)';\r\n                        panel.style.transition = 'transform 0.3s ease-out, box-shadow 0.3s ease-out';\r\n                        panel.style.boxShadow = 'var(--shadow-lg)';\r\n                    });\r\n                    \r\n                    panel.addEventListener('mouseleave', () => {\r\n                        panel.style.transform = 'translateY(0)';\r\n                        panel.style.boxShadow = 'var(--shadow-md)';\r\n                    });\r\n                });\r\n            }\r\n\r\n            static addProgressiveEnhancement() {\r\n                \/\/ Check for reduced motion preference\r\n                const prefersReducedMotion = window.matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;\r\n                \r\n                if (prefersReducedMotion) {\r\n                    document.body.classList.add('reduced-motion');\r\n                    \r\n                    \/\/ Add reduced motion styles\r\n                    const style = document.createElement('style');\r\n                    style.textContent = `\r\n                        .reduced-motion * {\r\n                            animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;\r\n                            animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;\r\n                            transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;\r\n                        }\r\n                    `;\r\n                    document.head.appendChild(style);\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n        }\r\n\r\n        \/\/ CSS animation keyframes to be added dynamically\r\n        const additionalKeyframes = `\r\n            @keyframes ripple {\r\n                to {\r\n                    transform: scale(2);\r\n                    opacity: 0;\r\n                }\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            @keyframes buttonPress {\r\n                0% { transform: scale(1); }\r\n                50% { transform: scale(0.95); }\r\n                100% { transform: scale(1); }\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            @keyframes connectionGlow {\r\n                0%, 100% { box-shadow: 0 0 8px rgba(var(--color-teal-400-rgb), 0.5); }\r\n                50% { box-shadow: 0 0 12px rgba(var(--color-teal-400-rgb), 0.9); }\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            .btn:active {\r\n                animation: buttonPress 0.15s ease-out;\r\n            }\r\n            \r\n            .tank-outlet, .tank-inlet {\r\n                animation: connectionGlow 2s ease-in-out infinite;\r\n            }\r\n        `;\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Initialize the application\r\n        document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => {\r\n            \/\/ Add additional keyframes\r\n            const style = document.createElement('style');\r\n            style.textContent = additionalKeyframes;\r\n            document.head.appendChild(style);\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Initialize the main animator\r\n            const animator = new CoolingSystemAnimator();\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Add enhancement features\r\n            AnimationEnhancer.addHoverEffects();\r\n            AnimationEnhancer.addProgressiveEnhancement();\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Add system monitoring\r\n            animator.addSystemMonitoring();\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Optimize animations for better performance\r\n            setTimeout(() => {\r\n                animator.optimizeAnimations();\r\n            }, 1000);\r\n            \r\n            \/\/ Store animator instance globally for debugging\r\n            window.coolingSystemAnimator = animator;\r\n            \r\n            console.log('=== \u6d78\u6c92\u5f0f\u51b7\u537b\u7cfb\u7d71\u52d5\u756b\u6bd4\u8f03 v2.0 \u5df2\u521d\u59cb\u5316 ===');\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Handle resize events\r\n        window.addEventListener('resize', () => {\r\n            \/\/ Debounce resize handler\r\n            clearTimeout(window.resizeTimer);\r\n            window.resizeTimer = setTimeout(() => {\r\n                \/\/ Recalculate positions if needed\r\n                if (window.coolingSystemAnimator) {\r\n                    window.coolingSystemAnimator.randomizeBubbles();\r\n                    window.coolingSystemAnimator.addParticleVariations();\r\n                    window.coolingSystemAnimator.enhanceFlowEffects();\r\n                }\r\n            }, 250);\r\n        });\r\n\r\n        \/\/ Export for potential module usage\r\n        if (typeof module !== 'undefined' && module.exports) {\r\n            module.exports = { CoolingSystemAnimator, AnimationEnhancer };\r\n        }\r\n    <\/script>\r\n<\/body>\r\n<\/html>\r\n\r\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a55e69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9a55e69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">A Comparison of Two-Phase and Single-Phase Liquid Cooling Systems<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cc99ae blog__table blog__table-left-th elementor-widget elementor-widget-qi_addons_for_elementor_premium_data_table\" data-id=\"5cc99ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"qi_addons_for_elementor_premium_data_table.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-shortcode qodef-m  qodef-qi-data-table qodef-border--all qodef-text-link--underline-initial\">\n\t<div class=\"qodef-m-table-holder\">\n\t\t<div class=\"qodef-m-table\" data-id=\"1\">\n\t<div class=\"qodef-m-main-row qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-row-title elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t<h4 class=\"qodef-e-title\">\n\t\t\t<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-row-title elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t<h4 class=\"qodef-e-title\">\n\t\tTwo-Phase\t<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-row-title elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t<h4 class=\"qodef-e-title\">\n\t\tSingle-Phase\t<\/h4>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tSystem complexity\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tLocal convective heat transfer coefficient can reach thousands of W\/m\u00b2\u00b7K; phase change enables very high heat flux and temperature stability.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tConvective coefficient is only tens of W\/m\u00b2\u00b7K; requires fins to increase area and optimized thermal interface materials to reduce interfacial resistance.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tEnergy efficiency\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tMaximizes energy efficiency.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tSignificantly better than air cooling; balances performance and cost.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tMechanism\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tLow-boiling dielectric fluid nucleate-boils at hotspots, carrying away latent heat; vapor condenses back to liquid. Heat transfer relies on phase change.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tHigh-boiling dielectric fluid directly contacts the heat source and rejects heat via a heat exchanger without phase change, relying on natural or forced convection.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tSystem complexity\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tHigh: requires sealed tanks, boiling and condensation management, and gas\u2013liquid separation; higher design and build CAPEX.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tLow: open or simple circulation systems; no phase-change management; simpler installation and maintenance.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tFluid cost and environment\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tFluids are often fluorinated compounds with high cost and GWP\/PFAS risks, creating strong regulatory pressure.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tFluid formulations can be customized, emphasizing long service life and corrosion inhibition, with lower environmental risk.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tUse cases\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tExtreme heat density, space-constrained, high-performance computing facilities with boiling management and sealing capability.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tLarge-scale cloud and enterprise deployments, edge computing, where high availability and low maintenance are required.\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-row\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-c03b63b\">\n\t\tMaintenance requirements\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-490c044\">\n\t\tStrict: prevent fluid evaporation, perform regular leak checks, and clean condensers.\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"qodef-e-cell qodef-e-text elementor-repeater-item-264de1f\">\n\t\tLower: long fluid life with no phase-change degradation; maintenance similar to conventional liquid cooling.\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02afd56 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"02afd56\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Thermal Pads for Single-Phase Immersion Cooling<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-100dcb0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"100dcb0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>iPOLY has developed dedicated thermal pads specifically engineered for the long-term immersion environment of immersion liquid cooling. These pads not only prevent contamination and maintain the purity of dielectric coolants, but also deliver stable thermal conductivity and component protection \u2014 significantly enhancing the reliability and long-term performance of single-phase immersion liquid cooling systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7eff070 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7eff070\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><span style=\"color: #0061d4;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #0061d4; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/product\/advanced-materials-series\/single-phase-immersion-cooling-thermal-pad\/dtt61-s\/\">DTT61-s<\/a><\/strong><\/span><\/span>has been certified by Engineered Fluids for long-term immersion compatibility, and also provides localized isolation to offer additional protection for specific electronic components.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6f7e6c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b6f7e6c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>LiPOLY's in-house factory offers customized cutting and die-cutting services, with shipment completed within 2\u20134 weeks. For liquid cooling infrastructure requirements, please contact LiPOLY's<span style=\"text-decoration: underline; color: #0061d4;\"><strong><a style=\"color: #0061d4; text-decoration: underline;\" href=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/contact\/\">thermal management specialists.<\/a><\/strong><\/span>\u806f\u7d61\u3002<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a29736e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default qodef-elementor-content-no\" data-id=\"4a29736e\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2cf7122\" data-id=\"2cf7122\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a40c27b e-flex e-con-boxed qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"3a40c27b\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-210a4021 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"210a4021\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Related Products<\/h4>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-730923c e-flex e-con-boxed qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"730923c\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"woocommerce elementor-element elementor-element-3799c51 r-swiper elementor-pagination-type-bullets elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-loop-carousel\" data-id=\"3799c51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" 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.elementor-element.elementor-element-63d9c57{--flex-direction:column;--container-widget-width:100%;--container-widget-height:initial;--container-widget-flex-grow:0;--container-widget-align-self:initial;--flex-wrap-mobile:wrap;--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-f13d184{--gap:0px 0px;--row-gap:0px;--column-gap:0px;--margin-top:0px;--margin-bottom:0px;--margin-left:0px;--margin-right:0px;--padding-top:0px;--padding-bottom:0px;--padding-left:0px;--padding-right:0px;}.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-dc83748 img{height:100%;object-fit:contain;object-position:center center;}.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4ad9124{--gap:10px 0px;--row-gap:10px;--column-gap:0px;}.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-6a8e52a .elementor-heading-title{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-1ba5ac2-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-1ba5ac2-line-height );}.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-48fd868{font-size:var( --e-global-typography-4522989-font-size );line-height:var( --e-global-typography-4522989-line-height );}}@media(min-width:768px){.elementor-27016 .elementor-element.elementor-element-4ad9124{--width:100%;}}\/* Start custom CSS for image, class: .elementor-element-dc83748 *\/.productoverf a{\n    transition: transform 1s ease;\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n.productoverf {\n    overflow: hidden;\n}\n.productoverf a:hover{\n    transform: scale(1.06);\n    contain: content;\n    \n}\/* End custom CSS *\/<\/style>\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"loop-item\" data-elementor-id=\"27016\" class=\"elementor elementor-27016 swiper-slide e-loop-item e-loop-item-25845 post-25845 product type-product status-publish has-post-thumbnail product_cat-single-phase-immersion-cooling-thermal-pad product_tag-new product_tag-450 product_tag-silicone new first instock shipping-taxable purchasable product-type-simple\" data-elementor-post-type=\"elementor_library\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" data-custom-edit-handle=\"1\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63d9c57 e-con-full pdlist e-flex qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"63d9c57\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f13d184 pdlist__imgobx e-con-full e-flex qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f13d184\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc83748 productoverf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc83748\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/product\/gap-filler\/thermal-gel-pad\/single-phase-immersion-cooling-thermal-pad\/dtt61-s\/\" target=\"_blank\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"650\" src=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DTT61-s-11-650x650.webp\" class=\"attachment-qi_blocks_image_size_square size-qi_blocks_image_size_square wp-image-25852\" alt=\"DTT61-s is a thermal pad compatible with single-phase immersion cooling, certified by Engineered Fluids for long-term immersion environment resistance. It prevents coolant contamination and maintains high thermal conductivity characteristics while providing local isolation effects that offer an additional protective layer for electronic components, enhancing overall system stability. Customizable sizing and die-cutting are available.\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DTT61-s-11-650x650.webp 650w, https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DTT61-s-11-150x150.webp 150w, https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DTT61-s-11-700x700.webp 700w, https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/elementor\/thumbs\/DTT61-s-11-rbmlanibo21uusiwp1jhuu0nj7i4c3obstbv6zsaew.webp 300w, https:\/\/lipoly.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/DTT61-s-11-100x100.webp 100w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" title=\"\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ad9124 e-con-full e-flex qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"4ad9124\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f4dc9d e-con-full e-flex qodef-elementor-content-no e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0f4dc9d\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a8e52a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6a8e52a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/product\/gap-filler\/thermal-gel-pad\/single-phase-immersion-cooling-thermal-pad\/dtt61-s\/\">DTT61-s<\/a><\/h3>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48fd868 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"48fd868\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t6.0 W\/m\u00b7K\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ed3213 pdlist__tag-feature elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3ed3213\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSingle-Phase Immersion Cooling\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-pagination\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>With the exponential growth of high-performance computing (HPC) and artificial intelligence (AI) chips, conventional air cooling and general liquid cooling systems are rapidly approaching their physical thermal limits. Immersion cooling technology has officially emerged as the leading strategic architecture for next-generation data centers and high-power AI server thermal management.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":27713,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[465],"tags":[505,503,499,500,491],"class_list":["post-27711","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tech","tag-505","tag-503","tag-499","tag-500","tag-491"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27711","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=27711"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27711\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":27761,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/27711\/revisions\/27761"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/27713"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=27711"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=27711"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lipoly.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=27711"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}